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Indoor lighting design is an important part of interior design. With the deepening of humanized lighting and green lighting concepts and the creation of good indoor lighting effects, we should adhere to the fundamental principle of “people-oriented†to meet people's physical and psychological aspects. demand.
Therefore, the application of color temperature and color rendering of indoor light sources has become increasingly important, especially the influence of color temperature on the light environment, involving psychological and many interdisciplinary research and applications.
LED indoor lighting fixtures are different from general LED lights, and are closer to the effect of natural light, so that the object is colorless and distorted under the illumination of the light source.
The color temperature refers to the color of the black body when the color of the light emitted by the light source is the same as the color of the black body at a certain temperature. The temperature of the black body is called the color temperature of the light source. Color temperature is an indicator of the light color of a light source. A low color temperature indicates that the light color is warm (red), while a high color indicates that the light color is cold (blue). Color is actually a psychophysical effect. The impression of all colors is due to the response of the intermittent spectrum on the eye, so the color temperature is only used to indicate the visual impression of the color.
Color rendering refers to the performance of the light source to show the color of the object being illuminated, that is, the degree of color fidelity. Color rendering is indicated by the color rendering index Ra. The light source with good color rendering has better color reproduction, and the color seen is closer to the natural primary color of the object; the light source with poor color rendering has poorer color reproduction, and the color deviation seen is larger. The color rendering of the light source is determined by the spectral power distribution of the light source. The continuous light source of the spectrum has good color rendering properties, and the color of the object under the light source is more realistic.
Choosing a light source with suitable color temperature and color rendering is very important for indoor lighting design, otherwise good decoration, decoration, artwork, etc. will also be lost due to the selection of inappropriate light source.
This paper analyzes the methods and applications of color temperature and color rendering in indoor lighting design, and combines living room lighting design as an example to illustrate the advantages of LED color temperature and color rendering in indoor lighting design, and LED color temperature and color development. Evaluate the evaluation criteria.
1. Analysis of the demand for color temperature and color rendering in indoor lighting design
Space user requirements
(1) People's demand for indoor lighting
Since ancient times, Tianguang has been the light that best meets the physiological needs of human beings. The demand for light has changed from the initial simple lighting demand to the current demand for light art. Nowadays, higher requirements for the lighting environment are proposed. Natural light is simulated and applied to indoor ambient lighting, including dynamic lighting and ambient lighting.
Indoor users not only pay attention to the brightness of the illumination, but also the influence of different spectral distributions on people's physiological and psychological state.
Conventional incandescent lamps, gas discharge lamps, energy-saving lamps and other light sources have poor color grading ability and are difficult to use as dynamic illumination sources. The LED light source is pure in color, can have a variety of color selection and light distribution, easy to control to achieve dynamic lighting, and energy saving and environmental protection, is a new generation of green lighting source.
(2) Lighting function of the living room
Usually the function of the living room is more comprehensive and complex. It is not only the activity center of the family members, but also the communication place for the guests. The lighting environment of the living room should be clearer, elegant and warm, to reflect the enthusiasm and frankness of the owner.
According to the different needs of users, people's activities in the living room are roughly divided into: physiological behavior, housework behavior, cultural behavior, entertainment behavior, social behavior and so on.
Thus, the living room lighting can be divided into five ways: daily lighting, visitor lighting, reunion lighting, watching TV lighting, pre-sleeping lighting.
Determine the spatial atmosphere to be represented
(1) The effect of color temperature and color rendering on the spatial atmosphere
From ancient times to the present, people have long lived in the natural light environment, which determines the adaptation and comfort of people to natural light sources. The color temperature of different artificial light sources has different physiological and psychological effects on people. The brightness and color of light are the main factors determining the spatial atmosphere, and the indoor atmosphere is changed by different light sources.
In terms of physiology, the physiological effects of color temperature on humans include: the transmission function and physiological experience of visual organs and optic nerves, cerebral cortex, etc.; the influence on human pulse, heart rate and blood pressure.
Warm colors make heart rate, pulse speed, blood pressure rise, emotional, increase appetite, stimulate nervous system and digestive system. Cool color has calm, relieve tension, and inhibit cardiovascular activities.
In terms of psychological feeling, low-color warm light gives people a warm feeling (called warm color light), and high-color warm light gives people a cold feeling (called cool color light).
The relationship between light color and human psychology is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Relationship between light color and human psychology
The effect of the color rendering of the light source is mainly manifested in the ability to visualize the color of the object seen by the person. In indoor lighting, the color rendering index of the light source is generally required to be above 80.
However, for specific scene lighting in indoor lighting, sometimes more needs to be highlighted for a certain color, depending on the spectral distribution of the light source.
(2) Selection of color temperature and color rendering
Based on the physiological and psychological effects of different color temperature and color rendering on humans, light sources with different color temperature and color rendering index are selected for different functional properties to achieve the purpose of human physiological and psychological needs, as shown in Table 2, Table 3.
If you use a low color temperature light source in the bedroom or living room, you will feel a casual, warm home. In color printing plants, in order to reflect the quality of printed matter, the color rendering index of the light source is required to reach 90 or more.
(3) The atmosphere of the living room creates
An important part of modern interior lighting design is to determine the atmosphere in which the lighting space is to be expressed, that is, the lighting needs of the application. The living room, according to its function, its lighting space atmosphere is mainly divided into five types:
1 daily lighting
During daily activities, the average indoor illuminance should not be too high, mainly warm colors, seasonal factors will also affect the choice of color temperature, the color rendering index requires general.
2 visitor lighting
A brighter light environment creates a good atmosphere for communication between the guests and the guests. Generally, the artistic expression of lighting is reflected in the three-dimensional sense of the object, the contrast of the light and the light, which requires a high color rendering index. If the seasonal variation is taken into consideration, the brightness can be appropriately increased and the color can be changed.
3 reunion lighting
Reunion lighting is different from meeting lighting, maintaining a brighter, warmer, warmer light environment, which helps people communicate with each other and create a good atmosphere.
4 watching TV lighting
Watching TV is the most time-consuming activity in family activities at night. The light environment when watching TV needs a relatively low level of illumination. When watching TV accompanied by other behavioral activities, it should take into account the illumination needs of other activities. With LED lighting, the illumination can be adjusted according to the needs at this time, and the color temperature can also be determined according to the plot.
5 bedtime lighting
At 22:30 in the evening (depending on the schedule of each family), the family will gradually enter the preparation stage before going to bed according to their own schedule, and appropriately dim the lights, which will help reduce the level of psychological excitement. The light gives people a warm feeling of being bedded, thus maintaining a high quality sleep rest.
2, color temperature and color rendering of the realization of lighting
Selection of light source
(1) Color temperature and color rendering of general indoor lighting sources
Different types of light sources, with different color light and color rendering properties, have different effects and effects on the indoor atmosphere and the color of the object. When designing indoor lighting, the main thing is to select the appropriate light source. The color temperature and color rendering index of the main light source used at present are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Color temperature and color rendering index of the main light source currently used
(2) Characteristics of LED light source
It is applied to LED indoor lighting source devices, mainly white LEDs, and white LED light sources made of light-emitting diodes, single-chip type and multi-chip type (two-chip type and three-chip type).
Among them, the multi-chip type is to assemble white chips of different light colors in the same package to obtain a mixed color. There are several main ways to manufacture a single chip:
1) Synthesizing white light through three-color multi-chip combination of LED red, blue and yellow
Advantages: high efficiency, controllable color temperature and good color rendering.
Disadvantages: Different color attenuation of the three primary colors leads to unstable color temperature, complicated control circuit and high cost.
2) Blue LED chip excites yellow phosphor
The yellow-green light emitted by the LED blue light and the phosphor is combined with white light, and the white color of the color temperature of 3500-10000K can be obtained by changing the chemical composition of the YAG phosphor and adjusting the thickness of the phosphor layer; in order to change the color rendering performance, a small amount can be added thereto. Red phosphor or an appropriate amount of green and red phosphor. It is currently the mainstream production method of white LED.
Advantages: high efficiency, simple preparation, good temperature stability and good color rendering.
Disadvantages: poor consistency, color temperature, angle change.
3) The near-ultraviolet LED chip excites the phosphor to emit three primary colors to synthesize white light.
Advantages: good color rendering and simple preparation.
Disadvantages: At present, the LED chip has low efficiency, ultraviolet light leakage problem, and phosphor temperature stability problem to be solved.
Compared to traditional illumination sources, LED sources have the following advantages:
(1) Long working life;
(2) low power consumption;
(3) fast response time: generally respond within tens of milliseconds (ns);
(4) Small in size, light in weight and resistant to attack;
(5) It is easy to dim, color, and controllable: the brightness can be controlled by the change of the current flowing, and the color change and adjustment can be realized by the configuration of the LEDs of different wavelengths.
(6) No pollution: environmental pollutants such as mercury and lead.
It can utilize the rich color gamut of white LED to control its color temperature through programming, and the white LED engineering is easy to adjust, small in size and concealed, easy to realize the controllability of indoor lighting, and the application of LED in indoor lighting. Provide a strong product base.
Living room lighting realization
In an indoor environment, the living room has the highest utilization rate and various lighting methods. The basic color of the living room lighting is guaranteed by the ceiling light. A chandelier is installed in the center of the room as the main light. It should be appropriate to see the facial expression, so the color rendering index should be greater than 80.
As a common lighting source in the family living room, there are mainly LED spotlights, LED downlights , LED fluorescent lamps and so on. According to the different functional needs of the living room, the atmosphere created by the living room can be designed into different scene modes, and the computer control can be used for flexible adjustment.
The color temperature of LED lamps can be adjusted to 5000K in summer, which gives a cool feeling; the festival is adjusted to 3000-5000K to create a festive and festive atmosphere; in winter and when friends come to 3000K, it presents a warm and steady atmosphere.
3. Lighting inspection and evaluation
The indoor environment is an environment in which people live and work most of the time, so the demand for indoor lighting environment is getting higher and higher. Whether these requirements can be met is the key to whether LEDs can replace traditional light sources.
Whether to meet the needs of visual functions
To meet people's visual needs, that is, to make people can see clearly, this requires the illumination environment to have a certain level of illumination, illumination uniformity and color rendering.
To meet a certain level of illumination and uniformity of illumination, LED lamps are required to have both sufficient luminous flux and a reasonable light distribution design.
In terms of color rendering, the current white LED can meet the needs of general indoor activities, and different interior materials can be used to produce different visual effects.
Whether to meet the needs of physiological psychology
Light affects physiological health, mainly because ultraviolet light can cause adverse effects on the skin; light affects health through vision; light affects health through physiological rhythm system.
Two effects closely related to white LED indoor lighting are the blue light hazard effect of the retina, and the light affects the body's circadian system and health by inhibiting the secretion of melatonin in the human body.
As shown in Figure 1, the illuminance corresponds to the comfort zone of the color temperature.
In order to meet the needs of human psychology, the color temperature of the selected light source must be adapted to the illumination. White LEDs have a high color temperature and require a high degree of illumination to make them feel comfortable. The warmth and warmth of the color temperature of the light source also has a great influence on human physiology, and changes with time, scene, and preferences.
Figure 1 Comfort zone corresponding to illuminance and color temperature
As a white light LED, it is easy to dim, color, and controllable.
Whether to meet the aesthetic needs
Lighting is an important means of decorating the environment and creating an artistic atmosphere. Decorative lighting can change the interior space, increase the level of space, and render the atmosphere. The flexible shape and scale of the LED luminaires make it a great range in design and selection, which can fully meet the requirements of decorative aesthetics.
Whether to meet the trend of green lighting
Green lighting refers to the use of scientific lighting design, the use of high efficiency, long life, safety and stable performance of lighting electrical products (electric light source, lighting electrical accessories, lamps, wiring equipment, as well as dimming controllers and light control devices) Improve the conditions and quality of people's work, study and life, thus creating an efficient, comfortable, safe, economic and beneficial environment and fully embody the lighting of modern civilization.
The LED light source is efficient, safe and pollution-free, and is a new generation of green lighting source. It is necessary to speed up the cooperation between the LED light source and its supporting materials and power sources, and to launch a low-cost resource renewable real green lighting source product as soon as possible.
4, summary
The purpose of lighting is to bring more convenience and comfort to human life. With the continuous development of LED lighting technology, indoor lighting design is more humanized and diversified.
The application of LED lighting in outdoor environment has gradually matured. The discussion of color temperature and color rendering index in indoor lighting design is beneficial to the promotion and application of LED in indoor lighting, and in future green lighting and low-carbon lighting. Make a splash.