The electronic ink screen technology is widely known for its e-book readers, and has since attracted attention from mobile phones and wearable devices. What is the principle of this display technology? What are the advantages and disadvantages of common display technologies? This article will come together. The back of YotaPhone 2 is an electronic ink screen. Huawei P8 provides E-Ink electronic ink screen back shell The origin of electronic ink technology [1] In the 1970s, Japan first studied electrophoretic display technology. However, the ordinary electrophoresis originally developed was once interrupted due to shortcomings such as short display life, instability, and difficulty in colorization. At the end of the 20th century, American E-Ink Company invented electrophoretic ink (also known as electronic ink) by electrophoresis technology, which greatly promoted the development of this technology. Electronic inks are often made into thin films for use in electronic displays, especially for e-books such as Sony Reader, iLiad, Cybook Gen3, Amazon Kindle, Logic's eReader, and Polymer Vision's Readius devices. In recent years, it has gradually appeared on mobile phones and wearable devices. Amazon Kindle e-book reader with electronic ink screen Sony SmartBand Talk with electronic ink screen The principle of electronic ink screen [2] The electronic ink screen is made up of many electronic inks, which can be seen as capsules. There is a liquid charge in each capsule (position 6), where the positive charge is white and the negative charge is black. When we give positive and negative voltages on one side (position 8), the charged liquid will be attracted and repelled separately. In this way, each pixel can be displayed in white or black. Legend: 1. Surface layer 2. Transparent electrode (ITO) 3. Capsule 4. White pigment with positive point 5. Black pigment with negative charge 6. Transparent dispersion medium 7. Lower electrode 8. Support layer 9. External light 10. White 11. yellow Because the refresh of the electronic ink is discontinuous, the current graphics can be maintained every time the refresh is completed, even if the battery is unplugged. Some people may ask, if you pull out the battery to attract the voltage of the electronic ink, then the ball will not return to its original state or enter a random chaotic state? The answer is because electronic ink has a bistable effect (hysteresis effect). In the figure below, the horizontal axis is the voltage supplied by the device, and the vertical axis is grayscale (assuming it is the whitest and the negative is the darkest). The process of increasing the voltage and the process of decreasing, giving the same voltage, the degree of black and white of the electronic ink is different. This effect is called the bistable effect (hysteresis effect). Using this effect, we can give a positive voltage (from 0 to B, go up the route below), attract negative charges, show positive charge white to the reader, then power down (from B to 0, go above That route back.) White is maintained. Therefore, the electronic ink device saves power because the screen portion consumes zero power if there is no need to change the display. Note: Do not change the screen device itself without power is due to the standby consumption of the board and the battery's own internal resistance consumption Note 2: Other common displays No matter the screen content changes, the power consumption of the screen part is continuous, and the change is not big. The electronic ink screen has many advantages such as easy-to-read, power-saving, and bendable. The following mainly introduces two aspects: easy-to-read and power-saving. Reading experience comparable to physical books We often hear that the electronic ink screen does not hurt the eyes. What is the reason? First, electronic ink technology relies on reflection rather than emitted light. The display with electronic ink technology reflects light like plain paper, which ensures that the text looks natural under any lighting conditions (not reflective, perfect under strong light). E-paper display contrasts with LCD: Second, there is no flicker. Traditional LCD screens are flickering because they are constantly refreshing. Although the naked eye may not be noticeable, this phenomenon exists objectively, which is also a major cause of eye fatigue caused by viewing the screen. The electronic ink screen is not displayed by constantly refreshing the screen. Once the screen is refreshed, there is no change, so there is no problem that the traditional liquid crystal display "blinks" and hurts the eye. In addition, the reading angle of the electronic ink screen can be close to 180°. Full-view reading can lead to a better reading experience. Low power consumption, power saving The electronic ink screen consumes power only when it is turned over, and does not consume power when the display content is not refreshed. After the content is refreshed, it will stay on the screen for a long time, and the battery can be removed when reading. Therefore, devices using this screen will be very power efficient, like Amazon's Kindle Paperwhite, which lasts up to 8 weeks. These advantages stem from the innate advantages of the working principle of electronic ink screens. Of course, everything has advantages and disadvantages. This working principle also makes it have many application defects. Very low refresh rate, not enough to display dynamic content Due to the working principle of the electronic ink screen, the refresh rate is extremely low, and the display of dynamic content cannot be satisfied. The low refresh rate of the limited electronic ink screen has a significant delay in switching pages. In addition to reading, other applications are very limited. Even the Internet tour is very tasteless, let alone brush the video. Full-screen reverse color refresh is visually unpleasant Many friends who are planning to buy a Kindle will hesitate because they can't stand the "splash screen" when they turn pages. The visual "splash screen" here refers to the full-screen reverse color refresh of the screen. Why do you need to have a clearing action every time you change (eg, turn pages), or every once in a while? This problem is also caused by the principle of the electronic ink screen itself, let's take a look at the picture just now. Why do electronic ink screens often need to be full-screen reverse color refresh? [2] We just assumed that the voltage increases from 0 and then decreases to 0, but the gray level of the electronic ink changes from position A to position C. Then if the next change, if I reduce the voltage, that is, continue to walk along the above return path, there is no problem. But if the next refresh, I still need this pixel to display white, then the route followed by the ink at point C is not the same. The gray level corresponding to the voltage driven by the circuit will be inaccurate. The result is that the black ink is not black in color, and some of the white ink is not completely white. There will be ghosts, or afterimages. Therefore, in order to avoid the appearance of residual images, all of the ink is added to the maximum or minimum voltage, all the ink is cleared, and the adjustment is started from the initial state, so that all the ink balls can maintain uniform display of only two colors. The color electronic ink screen is formed by three electronic inks passing through the RBG filter to form three primary color sub-pixels, and then mixed by light to become one pixel. As shown in the figure, the three electronic ink particles are a group, and the different colors of the red, green and blue primary colors can be mixed to produce the specific color we need. Such a set of particles is considered to be a pixel (the point on the right side of the figure) as the smallest element of the display. The biggest difference between this technology and black and white electronic ink is that the brightness is too low. Because now you need 3 to be combined into 1 point, when you need to display it as full red, the brightness is only 33% of 1 pixel. Electronic ink is displayed by means of ambient light. In this way, the brightness of ambient light is more demanding. We can already see some color electronic ink screen devices, such as Hanwang's e-book, the smart watch Toq released by Qualcomm, and the new generation Pebble just launched this year. E-Ink's official data shows that its 璀璨 color e-paper display can provide 4096 colors, suitable for a variety of image-rich information applications such as charts, graphics, maps, photos, comics and advertisements. Like E-Ink's black-and-white e-paper products, the E-Ink 璀璨 color e-paper display provides a paper-like experience with clear text and fine color graphics that are completely visible even in direct sunlight, making them more affordable. Portable device for electrical demand. The picture tones look a bit "small and fresh". . . . . . A new generation of Pebble with color E-Ink screen Conclusion Because of the comfortable reading and low power consumption characteristics, coupled with the influence of Kindle, YotaPhone, etc., electronic ink screens have attracted more and more attention from the public. In addition to the applications of e-readers, second screens of mobile phones, and smart watches, what areas do you think electronic ink screens can be used in?
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Advantages and disadvantages of electronic ink screen 
What is the future of color electronic ink screens? [3] 
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