Although most RF and microwave test systems measure only a wide range of categories—amplifiers, transmitters, receivers, etc.—each individual system faces a number of different environmental conditions, requirements, and challenge. While each situation may be different, when you are defining any RF and microwave test system, there are three common factors that affect each other: performance, speed, and repeatability. In the case where each system developer faces different conditions, the best choice between these three factors will be related to whether the measurement results can reach the required integrity level. From the DUT to the path between the measuring instruments (Figure 1), there are many points where the timing of these factors will occur. This paper suggests an architecture that considers these trade-offs and provides six tips for how to overcome RF. Problems that are often encountered on the signal path. Figure 1: Under all test system architectures, there are many opportunities to strike the best balance between performance, speed and stability to control the correctness of the measurements. In order for all six secrets to be discussed, it is necessary to clarify our definition of efficiency, speed and stability. In most cases, only one or two of these factors will be the primary consideration, leading your testing needs and equipment choices. In any case, a careful review of the interactions and trade-offs between performance, speed and stability (listed in the summaries in Tables 1 through 3) will help you control the unique needs situation. 1.1 Basic definition In RF and microwave test equipment, Agilent's definition of "performance" mainly refers to the accuracy, measurement range and bandwidth of the instrument. The accuracy of the instrument includes the absolute accuracy of the specified amplitude and frequency measurements; the measurement range refers to the dynamic range, distortion, noise level and phase noise, which affect the accuracy of the signal level measurement; Width refers to the frequency width or data rate that can be processed and analyzed. The speed test system's speed or Throughput will depend on the hardware used, the input/output (I/O) interface, and the software. Our focus will be on the hardware and four factors that affect speed: measuring set time, Measurement execution time, data processing time, and data transmission time. At RF and microwave frequencies, a very important part of the settling time is the settling TIme required by the DUT or test system after each change (eg switch on or off, power level change). . Stable Consistency For any test system, it is important that each test and daily test produce consistent results. However, good stability does not mean high accuracy, because accuracy depends on the performance of individual instruments, and stability means that the measured results are consistent regardless of the accuracy of the specified order. For each instrument, stability may vary depending on certain measurements or modes, so it is important to look at the product specifications or ask the manufacturer. In some cases, stability can be improved by averaging more times, or by modifying the algorithm to accurately approximate the results obtained by the standard measurement method. Minimize the number of changes in measurement settings (such as center frequency, span, and attenuation level) for optimal stability. 1.2 Overview of the relationship between the three DUT's testing requirements and commercial considerations can help you assess the relative importance of performance, speed and stability. Once you have established the primary considerations and the level of requirements, it is easier to figure out the relationship and Its impact on the system. Tables 1, 2, and 3 are for two situations: the requirements for the primary considerations are high or low, and the summary organizes the relationship between them. Table 1: When performance is the primary consideration, the most important interplay factors are performance and speed. Table 2: When speed is the primary consideration, the most important relationship is speed and stability. Table 3: When stability consistency is the primary consideration, the most important relationship is stability and speed. 1.3 Stability and effectiveness In Tables 1 and 3, there is an important second-level relationship between stability and performance, which is an indirect relationship posed by measurement uncertainty. In the face of uncertainty, some system developers will design an "error budget" whose size depends on the difference between the test requirements and the system uncertainty. The two main factors affecting uncertainty are absolute accuracy (instrument performance) and measurement consistency (stability). If the instrument in the system has a high absolute accuracy, then there is a large amount of error in the error tolerate lower stability. If the instrument can provide consistent results, there will be more room in the error amount to tolerate lower absolute accuracy.
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