"CASAGRAS" is a project plan supported by the European Union, mainly supporting and coordinating global RFID-related activities and standardization. In addition to European experts participating in this project, there are also experts from China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Since this document has considered relevant international regulations, standards and other conditions for implementing the Internet of Things, as well as the role of RFID in it, it can be used as a reference for the development of Internet of Things technology applications in various countries. A few days ago, the author has stated the concept and development of the Internet of Things (IoT), but the technical description involved is quite inadequate. I think it is necessary to further supplement this information. However, personal knowledge is limited, and the data in hand is also many fragments and incomplete. So I searched the database of the relevant international standard development unit, hoping to have a more systematic understanding of the Internet of Things technology, and at the same time, I can share it with readers. CASAGRAS is a project plan supported by the European Union, mainly supporting and coordinating global RFID-related activities and standardization. Its full name is "Coordination And Support AcTIon for Global RFID-related AcTIviTIes and StandardizaTIon". The experts participating in this project are from Europe, China, Japan, South Korea and the United States. The final report "RFID and the inclusive models for the internet of things" was released in September 2009. Since this document has considered relevant international regulations, standards and other conditions for the implementation of the Internet of Things, as well as the role of RFID in it, in addition to helping the European Commission develop strategies and implementation paths for the Internet of Things; in fact, the report can also be used as Reference for the development of Internet of Things technology applications in various countries. The following is only an excerpt of the technical framework part, as the beginning of the recognition of the Internet of Things technology. If readers want to read the full picture in real time, they can search on the website "CASAGRAS" to get the full report. After understanding the concept of IoT and its interface technology or method with the physical world, the plan target has been revised not only to embrace RFID technology, but also to accept other identification, location, communication and data capture technologies. There are the following three hardware technologies and associated layers, which can be used as the basis for the implementation of the Internet of Things: Identification and data capture technologies form the physical interface layer; Fixed, mobile, wireless and wired communication transmission technologies, supporting data and voice transmission with associated interfaces; Network technology (combined with communication transmission technology) promotes the clustering of objects supported for the purpose of applications and services. In addition, there are software, middleware components, and associated communication protocols (protocols provide methods for connecting and driving hardware), plus service search support, which constitutes a complete operating system or system. The CASAGRAS framework has been cited by relevant European organizations in EU policy documents, such as the "European Policy Outlook RFID" document. It is recommended that "Processing Capability" should be implanted as a key factor that illustrates the usefulness of the IoT model. Three modes of CASAGRAS: Only read RFID data carrier mode; Additional objects based on RFID, link data mode (obviously, have read and write functions and additional data portability); Value-added objects based on RFID and other cutting-edge technologies (Edge Technology, Note 1), link data patterns, obviously, including sensory data capture, extended data portability, and other attributes, such as location or positioning capabilities. Most of the basic models of the Internet of Things have a data carrier, which is essentially a passive RFID tag carrying a unique identification code. Each tag has the ability to be inquired and responded via a wireless channel. But this kind of tag itself has no data processing capability, and there is no communication facility between the tags. The application program uses these data carriers and relies on the "identification code" as an addressing method in order to store the information attached to the item remotely. The label is interrogated by a reader, interrogator or gateway device in wireless communication with the label; furthermore, it communicates with the information management system that supports the application to transmit data (in this report, the "interrogator" is used. To collectively refer to readers, base stations or gateways). The interrogator may be a fixed or mobile device. The communication link between the interrogator device and the host may be wired or wireless. Depending on the device type, different interfaces and communication protocols are required. The interrogator may be able to perform some specific processing functions, as well as the ability to communicate and connect to the Internet with other interrogators or gateway devices. It must be known that active RFID devices can perform two functions, one is the response tag function; in other environments, the function of the interrogator is to collect or sort data from other RFID devices in the range. This capability is appropriate Expanding ground can greatly strengthen the realization of IoT. The host system controls the needs of the application program, uses the item coding scheme to activate the support function of the specific item, and drives and transmits the appropriate response, including the part that causes some physical drive. The host system is repeatedly connected via wired or wireless transmission channels and networks, and further communication is required according to the application program. The system's networking capabilities may include the Internet and the Global Information Network. When the simple model of the Internet of Things and cutting-edge technologies based on RFID and other radio waves are proposed, a further "convergence model" must take into account its potential to interface with the physical world; at the same time, countless things are bound to happen in terms of connectivity. Change, it is possible that some systems will become practical and easy to implement. When the fusion model has higher requirements in its current status and real environment, it means that the designed and standard-supported method has reached a certain stage of vision. The framework considers that it can be advanced to different levels to distinguish the difference between physical world objects and the Internet that is integrated in the evolution. These layers include the physical layer, the interrogator/gateway layer, the information management application and enterprise layer, and the broader communication and Internet layer. Among them, through the use of objects connected to data carrier technology (including RFID), physical objects or things (Thing) are identified and transformed into functional components of the Internet of Things. The identified objects can be grouped or networked to perform specific application requirements. Devices with additional functions, formed by sensors, spatial location, global positioning, and regional communication facilities, may be used to achieve network construction or single device system operation. Devices in the Internet of Things constitute nodes, and "processing power" is regarded as the focal point of distinguishing features. In terms of developing processing power, reducing costs, and miniaturizing the size, the expectation of developing implantable or attached processing nodes for application objects is heating up. The distance, flexibility, and network of these devices undoubtedly have a major impact on the scope of application. The European Commission's 2006 report, "From RFID to the Internet of Things"-the universal network system confirmed the following devices supporting the communication network: Purely passive device (RFID), when it is questioned, it will produce a fixed data output; Possess a device that handles power appropriately, can format carrier information, and has the ability to vary content related to time and place; Inductive device, when being questioned, can output and transmit information about the environment or item status; A device that enhances processing capabilities. The device can decide to communicate without human intervention-eliciting a certain degree of intelligence into the network system. These technical classifications clearly present the conditions related to the physical blocks of the interface and the networking system. Of course, it also has a crisscross relationship with data conversion, data processing chain, and data structuring requirements. The ISO/IEC Standards Development Organization has produced some standards in this regard, and it continues to develop international standards that meet the needs. If not all of them are RFID devices, when the meaning is not clearly pointed out, the above-mentioned technologies 1 to 4 are essentially RF-based structures. Level differentiation is to provide different functional levels according to different AIDC technologies. They must include RFID as a layer, but other layers can extend to the entire AIDC technology category, including linear barcodes, two-dimensional barcodes, optical data, recording devices, touch memory devices, and natural feature range recognition technologies, such as human body recognition Biometric system. The interface of the physical world is obviously also a communication technology based on radio waves. Some connection objects include WiFi (Note 2), Bluetooth, Zigbee (Note 3), Near Field Communication (NFC), and others that provide wider area communication. Facilities (GPRS "Note 4", 3G). Broadband and mobile networks, as well as the development of related services in the Edge Layer of the Internet of Things, add more orientation and opportunities. The richness of these technical categories and functions present substantial determinants in the realization of application, innovation, and enterprise-related objects; they contribute to the application framework. At this basic level, different data acquisition devices can be identified. Incorporating them into the Internet of Things architecture, ideally requires the development of a protocol that conforms to the universal data capture of the world, so that it can be plug-and-play (Plug-and-Play). Of course, to define these levels in this way, you have to wait for a period of time after all the convenience facilities covered by cutting-edge technologies have moved in. Provide an effective interface between object association devices and between the interrogator and the information management system. Fixed, broadband and mobile communication technologies will produce the connectivity functions required by the Internet of Things. The networking technology of the interrogator and the gateway device can also be regarded as an important infrastructure feature of this layer; it also shares an important role in the Internet of Things. In the real world application, the interface related to the drive and control device is the most important feature in this layer. The interface information management layer with the interrogator and gateway device layer provides a functional platform supporting applications and services. Internet technology and facilities that provide smart capabilities constitute more important features in the implementation of the Internet of Things. Provide other structure and network (including Internet) interface. Although the interface between each layer is necessary, the interface may bypass a certain layer to increase flexibility and allow more freedom in the choice of connecting applications and service objects. The network-based structure and the parts that require the support of the gateway are also more flexible. In addition, the development of ubiquitous computing and networking systems provides key technologies for the Internet of Things infrastructure with integrated communication capabilities, and integrates with the existing and evolving Internet. Note 1. Edge Technology-new or advanced technology, here refers to, in addition to RFID, there are sensors, smart cards, near field communication, immediate addressing, and even one or two-dimensional barcodes and global positioning System and so on. Note 2. WiFi is a brand of wireless network communication technology, which is held by the Wi-Fi Alliance and is used on proven products based on the IEEE 802.11 standard to improve the intercommunication between wireless network products based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. Sex. Note 3. ZigBee is a wireless network protocol, mainly formulated by the ZigBee Alliance. The bottom layer is the media access layer and the physical layer that adopt the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The main features are low speed, low power consumption, low cost, support for a large number of network nodes, support for multiple network topologies, low complexity, fast, reliable, and safe. Note 4. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a mobile data service available to GSM mobile phone users. It is often described as "2.5G", which means that this technology is located between the second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) mobile communication technologies. As the topic of the Internet of Things has become feverish, China has shown its ambition to synchronize with the world in the formulation of standards for the Internet of Things. This article lists the latest status of the ISO/IEC JTC1 SC31 WG6 standard update, and provides another direction for thinking about the layout of the Internet of Things standards in the domestic industry, government, academics, and research circles. Since the rise of the RFID technology trend in 2003, major European and American manufacturers have carried out standard layouts and card positions in full swing, and have controlled many key technology patents. GS1 Taiwan and the Taiwan Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspections began to convene experts and scholars to discuss domestic standards and countermeasures in response to the trend of the international standard ISO/IEC SC31, and actively participate in the ISO/IEC SC31 international conference. Under the guidance of the Taiwan Bureau of Standards, Metrology, Inspection and Quarantine and the assistance of experts from all walks of life, more than 30 national standards on the subject of "Automatic identification and data capture techniques" have been completed. As the topic of the Internet of Things is feverish, in view of the fact that the main patents of the previous RFID standard are in the hands of Western countries in Europe and the United States, Asia, especially China, is actively engaged in obtaining patents. The ISO/IEC JTC1/WG 7 group on Sensor Networks, established last year, carried out two sessions of national standards in London in March and August. At the first meeting of the Working Group on International Standards for Sensor Networks (WGSN), 9 Chinese delegations participated in the meeting (formed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Institute of Telecommunications, the Fourth Institute of Electronics, China Mobile and the Wuxi Internet of Things Industry Research Institute), And submit to bring two proposals of China's own. In the early waves of high-tech industries, countries that started early, such as the United States, held most of the power to formulate international standards. However, with the support of China's National Standardization Management Committee, China has shown its ambition to synchronize with the world in the formulation of standards for the Internet of Things. The participation of enterprises is essential to promote the industrial application of standards; as the degree of industrial development and enterprises' awareness of participation increase, the formulation of standards also contributes to the development of the flames. Standard setting is the process of the game and coordination of the interests of all parties Since sensing technology and signal transmission are the most important core of IoT applications, it can be viewed from these two major directions. In terms of sensors, in addition to two-dimensional barcodes and infrared sensing, RFID technology is still the main sensing medium of the current Internet of Things, which includes RFID tags and readers. RFID technology has been developing for a long time. If the cost of use can be further reduced, it will be one of the keys to accelerating the popularization of the Internet of Things; and manufacturers are currently aiming to reduce the cost of label antennas and printing technology to achieve their goals. The standard system of the Internet of Things is very complex, involving many basic standards, such as sensor network technology standards, RFID standards, cloud computing standards, information security standards, and mobile application standards. In terms of international sensor and wireless transmission network standardization, standard systems including IEEE 1451.5 smart sensor interface standard and IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network standard are familiar to the industry. Ningbo Autrends International Trade Co.,Ltd. , https://www.supermosvape.com
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